CCU_New Year (Sriyati_031104005/VIID)

The meaning of New Year's Day-the world's most celebrated holiday-is not so clear. On this day, many people remember last year's achievements and failures and look forward to the promise of a new year, of a new beginning. But this celebration and reflection is the result of more than an accident of the calendar. New Year's has a deeper significance. When new year comes, people around the world were celebrate it. They think that as the new year comes, it can make the new power in life, they can start they new activity and make their new planning.
In my opinion, it is not very important to celebrate it. I usually celebrate new year with spend time with my family at home and my mother serves delicious food. By doing this the meaning of new year will more meaningful or I usually meditated in my room and I review what had done in several time ago. And I reflect my self that I must do better in life.

CCU_Bilingualism (Sriyati/031104005/VIID)

• Bilingualism is the ability to read, speak, understand, and write well in two languages.
• The ability to speak two languages colloquially
• Being able to communicate effectively in two or more languages, with more or less the same degree of proficiency.
• The ability to speak two languages colloquially
• he term multilingualism can refer to phenomena regarding an individual speaker who uses two or more languages, a community of speakers where two or more languages are used, or between speakers of different languages.
  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingualism

Reference:

CCU_Stereotype (Sriyati_031104005/VIID)

Stereotypes

A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image.
One that is regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type.
Stereotypes is public point of vie of something. For example, people think that a person who wearing glasses is smart, but actually not all of the glasses person is smart. So, I can conclude that we as good person don't ever judge a person by it's perform.

CCU_Model Minority(Sriyati_031104005/VIID)

Minority

1. minority - a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part
social group - people sharing some social relation
2. minority - being or relating to the smaller in number of two parts; "when the vote was taken they were in the minority"; "he held a minority position"
number, figure - the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals; "he had a number of chores to do"; "the number of parameters is small"; "the figure was about a thousand"
bulk, majority - the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two parts; the main part; "the majority of his customers prefer it"; "the bulk of the work is finished"
3. minority - any age prior to the legal age
nonage
legal status - a status defined by law
eld, age - a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; "she was now of school age"; "tall for his eld"
legal age, majority - the age at which persons are considered competent to manage their own affairs.

Reference:

www.google.com

CCU_The Definition of culture (Sriyati_031104005/VIID)

The Meaning of Culture

The Meaning of Culture:
The Key to Human Diversity
Does this picture offend you?
If so, then you may be guilty of Ethnocentrism!
People who are ethnocentric apply their own values in judging the behavior and beliefs of other people raised in other cultures.
Ethnocentrism contributes to social solidarity and a sense of value and community.
However, it also fuels conflict.
Culture is learned behavior
Each child goes through a process of enculturation when they grow up in a culture.
Children learn by observing the behaviors of people in their surroundings, including the recognition of symbols specific to that culture.
Examples of cultural symbols
Culture is shared
Culture is an attribute not of individuals per se but of individuals as members of groups.
Culture is transmitted by society.
Enculturation unifies people by providing us with common experiences.

Culture is symbolic
Symbols can either be verbal (linguistic) or nonverbal (object, written symbol).
Culture and Nature: Differences in How we meet the call
Culture defines what people eat, how food is prepared, and when and how food is eaten.
Waste elimination is culturally prescribed.
Sexual activities are also dictated by culture (with who, how, where, and when).
Culture is all-encompassing and integrated
Culture envelopes each of us, and touches every aspect of our lives.
Culture is systematic and integrated (it is not a random phenomenon).
Cultures teach us to share certain core values that helps shape the personality of the individuals within a culture.
Cultures are dynamic: rules are made to be broken
Humans are creative animals and always do not strictly follow the dictates of their culture.
There is individual interpretation of each aspect of culture that is in part due to family and personal history.
Real vs. Ideal culture.
Culture can be both adaptive and maladaptive
Modern technology has provided for the adaptation of humans to every part of the globe, as ancient technologies provided successful to environments on a smaller scale.
Short-term vs. long-term adaptive strategies.
Levels of culture
National: learned behavioral patterns, beliefs, values, and institutions shared by the citizens of a nation.
International: cultural traditions that expand beyond cultural boundaries.
Subculture: different traditions practiced by groups set within a larger culture. Frequently regionally based.

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights
The “human rights” movement suggests that there is a realm of justice and morality that supercedes the practices of many cultures.
Examples: female genital mutilation in the Middle East; male circumcision at birth in the United States.
Universality, Generality, and Particularity
Universal: found in all cultures.
Examples: Exogamy and incest taboo.
Generality: found in many cultures, but not all. Example: nuclear family.
Particularities: found only in some cultures. Example: head hunting.
What makes cultures change?
Diffusion: borrowing of traits between cultures.
Acculturation: exchange of cultural features that results from long-term exposure between cultures.
Independent invention: Developing to solution to problems by individual cultures. Example: agriculture.
One World Culture? Globalization in the 21st Century
Cultures are increasingly coming in contact as a result of improved trade relations, better communication, and easier travel.
Multinational corporations and business “outsourcing” to the Third World are becoming more commonplace.

CCU_DEMOCRATION (Sriyati_031104005/VIID)

Freedom of expression has been existing in Indonesia since 1945 when we declared our independence. However, this freedom was not exist during Orde Baru regime. This freedom was completely limited by the violence of military power. Fortunately, this regime just stood about 32 years old. After Orde Baru collapsed, reformation era was introduced and freedom of expression became an epidemic around this country. Somehow, since that era, freedom expression has been in wrong way. We should admit that our life in this reformation era is not better than in Orde Baru regime, even worse. There are a lot of bad impacts that occur because of freedom of expression such as demonstrations, pornography, sexual abuses, violences, and even corruptions. Because freedom of expression has been in wrong way, it should be limited by government.
First, freedom of expression has always been misunderstood as a freedom to give opinion without regarding others’ rights. Many people become more selfish after Freedom of Expression was implemented. Many people think that they are completely right while others are wrong. If there is a problem, they just like to speak not to listen to others. They won’t appreciate others’ argument unless others’ argument has same way with their opinion and support each other. Their stubborn attitude makes every single problem that occurs in our country become difficult to get an agreement and solution. Every problem can only be solved by voting. Solution just appears from the power of majority while the right of minority is not concerned and participated. Because all of that , democration in this country could not be implemented anymore.
Second, most of people always make Freedom of expression as an excuse to do whatever they want. Many irresponsible people justify their action. They even use violence to make sure to others that their opinion is right while others’ is wrong. They make anarchism as a form of expression. They make graffiti everywhere, break public tools and burn anything else to show their expression and opinion. Because of their action, society becomes chaos.
Third, the implementation of Freedom of expression brings more bad impacts. There are demonstration, separatism, pornography and violence. Many people think that demonstration as the only way to give their opinion so that there is no day without demonstration. Pornography as an expression of ‘art’ occurs everywhere and becomes an epidemic to the society. Now, most of society’s way of life could not be separated from this stuff. Not only that, many people use this freedom moment to separate from our country like GAM, OPM, RMS and so on. A lot of kind of separatism occur in every region because they say that they have a right to do this action which is freedom of expression. They even use violence to force Indonesian government to legalize their action.
Some people say that freedom of expression must not be limited. They argue that according to the meaning of freedom itself, freedom is not appropriate with limitation. Furthermore, they say that we have ever felt how our freedom of expression was limited in Orde Baru. I agree that freedom is not appropriate with limitation but is it worth if we are free to do whatever we want even break the law and our democration way of life in the name of freedom of expression?. I don’t think so. We know that how horrible the limitation in Orde Baru was. This regime usually used military power to punish every person that gave his/her opinion about especially the weakness of this regime. But, that was not a form of limitation on freedom of expression. That was a form of dictator which there is no freedom at all. Of course we all don’t want that happens again. The limitation in here is not as strict as Orde Baru regime did.
This limitation is just to control our freedom of expression so that its implementation will still in the way of democration way of life.There is some solutions to solve this problem. First, government must give some understanding about how freedom of expression should be. Government and NGO should be active to this action so that people will not misunderstand about freedom of expression again. Second, Government must limit freedom of expression in order to make a better way for implementation of freedom of expression so that our democratic way of life is still exist in this country.
After short discussion, we can conclude that freedom of expression in Indonesia has been in wrong way. Government should consider limitation for implementation of freedom of expression as one solution to stabilize our life.
In my opinion, democration not only happen in political issue but also have the relation with culture. For example, several years ago tiong hoa or Chinese people who lived permanen in Indonesia couldn’t celebrate their religion celebration which held every years. Because it considered not suitable with Indonesian culture. But now, we can find everywhere Chinese people celebrate their religion and also built their own place for pray. So, democration is very complex in human

Reference: http://kaltim-muda.blogspot.com/2007/10/limitation-for-freedom-of- expression.html